The Metro Journal of Modern Science (MJMS) is committed to preserving the accuracy, integrity, and reliability of the scholarly record. The journal follows internationally recognized publication ethics principles recommended by the Committee on Publication Ethics and adheres to the editorial standards expected by Scopus. MJMS recognizes that errors and ethical concerns may occasionally arise after publication. When such issues are identified, the journal will take timely and appropriate corrective actions in a transparent and fair manner.

Corrections may be published when errors are identified that do not invalidate the overall findings, interpretations, or conclusions of the article but require amendment to maintain the accuracy of the scholarly record. Examples include:

• Typographical or formatting errors that affect interpretation;
• Errors in author names, affiliations, acknowledgements, or funding information;
• Incorrect figures, tables, references, or supplementary materials;
• Minor data inaccuracies that do not materially affect the study's conclusions.

Corrections shall be published promptly, linked to the original article, and clearly identify the nature of the amendment.

An Expression of Concern may be issued when:

• There is credible evidence of possible research or publication misconduct;
• An investigation is ongoing and conclusive evidence is not yet available;
• There are serious concerns regarding the reliability or integrity of the published work;
• Institutional investigations have been initiated but remain unresolved.

The Expression of Concern will remain associated with the article until the matter is resolved.

Retraction is considered when there is clear evidence that the findings or publication record are unreliable due to:

• Plagiarism or substantial unattributed copying;
• Duplicate or redundant publication;
• Data fabrication, falsification, or manipulation;
• Major methodological errors that invalidate the findings;
• Unethical research practices or lack of required ethical approval;
• Fraudulent authorship, undisclosed conflicts of interest, or other serious breaches of publication ethics.

Retractions are intended to correct the scholarly record and maintain research integrity and should not be regarded solely as punitive measures.

When potential grounds for retraction are identified, MJMS will:

1. 1Conduct a preliminary editorial assessment of the allegations;
2. 2Contact the corresponding author and, where appropriate, all co-authors for clarification and supporting information;
3. 3Seek explanations, documentary evidence, or institutional input when necessary;
4. 4Evaluate the evidence in accordance with established ethical procedures and COPE recommendations;
5. 5Make a fair, impartial, and evidence-based editorial decision.

Where required, the journal may communicate with authors’ affiliated institutions, funding bodies, or relevant authorities.

If retraction is warranted:

• A formal retraction notice will be published promptly;
• The retraction notice will clearly state the reasons for retraction;
• The retraction notice will be electronically linked to the original article;
• The original article will remain accessible for the integrity of the scholarly record but will be clearly identified as Retracted.

Authors who discover significant errors or inaccuracies in their published work are expected to notify the Editorial Office promptly and cooperate fully in issuing corrections, clarifications, or retractions when necessary.

The Editor-in-Chief and Editorial Board have the responsibility to ensure that appropriate corrective actions are taken whenever significant errors or ethical concerns are identified. All investigations and editorial actions shall be conducted confidentially, transparently, impartially, and in accordance with internationally accepted publication ethics standards.

MJMS is committed to maintaining the integrity, transparency, and reliability of the scholarly record. Through appropriate corrections, expressions of concern, and retractions, the journal seeks to ensure that published research remains accurate, trustworthy, and ethically sound, thereby upholding the highest standards of academic publishing and responsible scholarly communication.